Figure 7

COVID-19 immunologic and toxicological implication: Innate immune sensor and immune escape

Luisetto M*, Farhan Ahmad Khan, Khaled Edbey, Gamal Abdul Hamid, Mashori GR, Nili BA, Fiazza C, YesvI R and Latishev Yu O

Published: 25 March, 2021 | Volume 5 - Issue 1 | Pages: 001-017

apps-aid1025-g007

Figure 7:

Innate immune sensors. TLRs, RLRs ( RIG-I, MDA5, DAI and other sensors) and NLRs (for example, NOD1, NOD2, NLRP3 and AIM2) are innate -immune sensors that recognize danger signals derived from pathogens (PAMPs), damaged cells (DAMPs) or associated nucleic acids at the cell surface, in endo-lysosomes or in the cytoplasm. Signaling by these sensors promotes either the activation and nuclear translocation of transcription- factors (IRFs, NFB and AP-1) that drive expression of cytokines (IFN-/, TNF and pro-IL-1), or the assembly of the caspase-1 inflammasome and subsequent maturation of IL-1 from pro-IL-1. Abbreviations: AIM2, absent in melanoma 2; AP-1, activator protein 1; DAMP, danger associated molecular pattern; IFN, interferon; IL-1, interleukin-1; IRFs, interferon regulatory factors; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5; NFB, nuclear factor B; NLR, NOD-like receptor; NLRP, NLR with a pyrin domain; NOD, nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain; PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern; RIG-I, retinoid acid-inducible gene-I; RLR, RIG-I-like receptor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumor necrosis- factor [15].

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.apps.1001025 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

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